Control Strategies for Open-End Winding Drives Operating in the Flux-Weakening Region

This paper presents and compares control strategies for three-phase open-end winding drives operating in the flux-weakening region. A six-leg inverter with a single dc-link is associated with the machine in order to use a single energy source. With this topology, the zero-sequence circuit has to be considered since the zero-sequence current can circulate in the windings. Therefore, conventional over-modulation strategies are not appropriate when the machine enters in the flux-weakening region. A few solutions dealing with the zero-sequence circuit have been proposed in literature. They use a modified space vector modulation or a conventional modulation with additional voltage limitations. The paper describes the aforementioned strategies and then a new strategy is proposed. This new strategy takes into account the magnitudes and phase angles of the voltage harmonic components. This yields better voltage utilization in the dq frame. Furthermore, inverter saturation is avoided in the zero-sequence frame and therefore zero-sequence current control is maintained. Three methods are implemented on a test bed composed of a three-phase permanent-magnet synchronous machine, a six-leg inverter and a hybrid DSP/FPGA controller. Experimental results are presented and compared for all strategies. A performance analysis is conducted as regards the region of operation and the machine parameters.Projet SOFRACI/FU

FPGA Implementation of a General Space Vector Approach on a 6-Leg Voltage Source Inverter

A general algorithm of a Space Vector approach is implemented on a 6-leg VSI controlling a PM synchronous machine with three independent phases. In this last case, the necessity of controlling the zero-sequence current motivates the choice of a special family of vectors, different of this one used in Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) intersective strategy and in common Space Vector PWM (SVPWM). To preserve the parallelism of the algorithm and fulfill the execution time constraints, the implementation is made on a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). Comparisons with more classical 2-level and 3-level PWM are provided.Fui8 within the SOFRACI projec

Modélisation et commande d'un système à trois phases indépendantes à double fonctionnalité (Traction Électrique et Chargeur Forte Puissance pour application automobile)

La topologie onduleur à six bras associé à une machine triphasée à phases indépendantes a la propriété de d'offrir, dans le cadre applicatif de l'automobile, une double fonctionnalité, traction et chargeur forte puissance. Cet avantage nécessite, par contre, le contrôle des composantes homopolaires classiquement nulles lors de la présence d'un couplage en étoile. Cette thèse propose alors, d'une part une étude et une modélisation des onduleurs multi-bras et, d'autre part, développe des stratégies de contrôle-commande adaptées à la présence des grandeurs homopolaires. Les algorithmes de commande classiques de l'onduleur sont comparés et une stratégie vectorielle originale, dite Z-SVM permettant d'annuler le courant homopolaire haute fréquence, est développée. Enfin, il est montré comment la gestion des composantes homopolaires aux valeurs moyennes permet d'accroître les performances de l'ensemble à faible comme à haute vitesse, en jouant sur les zones avant et après défluxage des caractéristiques couple-vitesse. Les solutions proposées sont validées sur un banc expérimental composé d'une machine prototype spécialement développée pour une application automobile et alimentée par un onduleur six-bras commandé par des composants de type FPGA. Les stratégies proposées sont comparées en termes de performances et de complexité algorithmique.For an automotive application, a six leg-VSI connected to a three-phase open-end winding machine has the ability to offer a dual-function. In this case, an additional zero-sequence component, usually absent when a star-coupling is used, needs to be controlled. Firstly, a study, modeling and control of a multi-leg inverter are proposed. Secondly, control structures capable of handling the presence of zero-sequence components are investigated. The conventional control algorithms applied to the inverter are analyzed and an original vector control strategy, called Z-SVM, capable to cancel the high frequency zero-sequence current is developed. Finally, it is shown how the management of the zero-sequence components enhances the performance of the drive at low as well as at high-speed, corresponding on the areas of the torque-speed characteristics before and after flux weakening. The proposed solutions are validated on an experimental test bench consisting of a machine prototype especially developed for automotive application and powered by a six-leg inverter controlled by an FPGA-based device. The proposed strategies are compared in terms of performance and computational complexity.PARIS-Arts et Métiers (751132303) / SudocSudocFranceF

Modélisation et commande d'un système à trois phases indépendantes à double fonctionnalité (Traction Électrique et Chargeur Forte Puissance pour application automobile)

La topologie onduleur à six bras associé à une machine triphasée à phases indépendantes a la propriété de d'offrir, dans le cadre applicatif de l'automobile, une double fonctionnalité, traction et chargeur forte puissance. Cet avantage nécessite, par contre, le contrôle des composantes homopolaires classiquement nulles lors de la présence d'un couplage en étoile. Cette thèse propose alors, d'une part une étude et une modélisation des onduleurs multi-bras et, d'autre part, développe des stratégies de contrôle-commande adaptées à la présence des grandeurs homopolaires. Les algorithmes de commande classiques de l'onduleur sont comparés et une stratégie vectorielle originale, dite Z-SVM permettant d'annuler le courant homopolaire haute fréquence, est développée. Enfin, il est montré comment la gestion des composantes homopolaires aux valeurs moyennes permet d'accroître les performances de l'ensemble à faible comme à haute vitesse, en jouant sur les zones avant et après défluxage des caractéristiques couple-vitesse. Les solutions proposées sont validées sur un banc expérimental composé d'une machine prototype spécialement développée pour une application automobile et alimentée par un onduleur six-bras commandé par des composants de type FPGA. Les stratégies proposées sont comparées en termes de performances et de complexité algorithmique.For an automotive application, a six leg-VSI connected to a three-phase open-end winding machine has the ability to offer a dual-function. In this case, an additional zero-sequence component, usually absent when a star-coupling is used, needs to be controlled. Firstly, a study, modeling and control of a multi-leg inverter are proposed. Secondly, control structures capable of handling the presence of zero-sequence components are investigated. The conventional control algorithms applied to the inverter are analyzed and an original vector control strategy, called Z-SVM, capable to cancel the high frequency zero-sequence current is developed. Finally, it is shown how the management of the zero-sequence components enhances the performance of the drive at low as well as at high-speed, corresponding on the areas of the torque-speed characteristics before and after flux weakening. The proposed solutions are validated on an experimental test bench consisting of a machine prototype especially developed for automotive application and powered by a six-leg inverter controlled by an FPGA-based device. The proposed strategies are compared in terms of performance and computational complexity.PARIS-Arts et Métiers (751132303) / SudocSudocFranceF

COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study

Background: The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms. Methods: International, prospective observational study of 60 109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms. Results: ‘Typical’ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (≤ 18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (≥ 70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each P < 0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country. Interpretation: This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men

A Method for Fault Detection and Isolation based on the Processing of Multiple Diagnostic Indices: Application to Inverter Faults in AC Drives

A general method for fault detection and isolation is proposed and applied to inverter faults in drives of electric vehicles. This method is based on a change-detection algorithm, which allows multiple fault indices to be combined for retrieving the most likely state of the drive. The drive topology under study is a six-leg inverter associated with a three-phase open-end winding machine. Due to the inherent fault-tolerant topology, the conventional fault indices are no longer effective. Therefore, an analysis of simulations in faulty conditions leads to the derivation of suitable fault indices. These are based on the envelope of the phase currents as well as their instantaneous frequency. Specific operating conditions related to the electric vehicle environment are taken into account, such as the flux-weakening region and energy recovery. In these modes of operation, fault detection and isolation can be affected by uncontrolled currents circulating through the free-wheeling diodes. Finally, the performances of the fault detection and isolation scheme are evaluated under steady state and non-stationary conditions through simulations and experimental results.Projet SOFRACI, Financement FU

Fault-Tolerant Operation of an Open-End Winding Five-Phase PMSM Drive with Inverter Faults

The authors would like to thank the ADEME for the funding of the MHYGALE project.Multi-phase machines are known for their fault-tolerant capability. However, star-connected machines have no fault tolerance to inverter switch short-circuit fault. This paper investigates the fault-tolerant operation of an open-end five-phase drive, i.e. a multi-phase machine fed with a dual-inverter supply. Open-circuit faults and inverter switch short-circuit faults are considered and handled with various degrees of reconfiguration. Theoretical developments and experimental results validate the proposed strategies.MHYGALE ADEM/Projec

Modeling and control of a three-phase open-end winding drive integrating two functionalities : electric traction and fast battery charger for automotive application

La topologie onduleur à six bras associé à une machine triphasée à phases indépendantes a la propriété de d'offrir, dans le cadre applicatif de l'automobile, une double fonctionnalité, traction et chargeur forte puissance. Cet avantage nécessite, par contre, le contrôle des composantes homopolaires classiquement nulles lors de la présence d'un couplage en étoile. Cette thèse propose alors, d'une part une étude et une modélisation des onduleurs multi-bras et, d'autre part, développe des stratégies de contrôle-commande adaptées à la présence des grandeurs homopolaires. Les algorithmes de commande classiques de l'onduleur sont comparés et une stratégie vectorielle originale, dite Z-SVM permettant d'annuler le courant homopolaire haute fréquence, est développée. Enfin, il est montré comment la gestion des composantes homopolaires aux valeurs moyennes permet d'accroître les performances de l'ensemble à faible comme à haute vitesse, en jouant sur les zones avant et après défluxage des caractéristiques couple-vitesse. Les solutions proposées sont validées sur un banc expérimental composé d'une machine prototype spécialement développée pour une application automobile et alimentée par un onduleur six-bras commandé par des composants de type FPGA. Les stratégies proposées sont comparées en termes de performances et de complexité algorithmique.For an automotive application, a six leg-VSI connected to a three-phase open-end winding machine has the ability to offer a dual-function. In this case, an additional zero-sequence component, usually absent when a star-coupling is used, needs to be controlled. Firstly, a study, modeling and control of a multi-leg inverter are proposed. Secondly, control structures capable of handling the presence of zero-sequence components are investigated. The conventional control algorithms applied to the inverter are analyzed and an original vector control strategy, called Z-SVM, capable to cancel the high frequency zero-sequence current is developed. Finally, it is shown how the management of the zero-sequence components enhances the performance of the drive at low as well as at high-speed, corresponding on the areas of the torque-speed characteristics before and after flux weakening. The proposed solutions are validated on an experimental test bench consisting of a machine prototype especially developed for automotive application and powered by a six-leg inverter controlled by an FPGA-based device. The proposed strategies are compared in terms of performance and computational complexity

Modélisation et commande d’un système à trois phases indépendantes à double fonctionnalité : Traction Électrique et Chargeur Forte Puissance pour application automobile

For an automotive application, a six leg-VSI connected to a three-phase open-end winding machine has the ability to offer a dual-function. In this case, an additional zero-sequence component, usually absent when a star-coupling is used, needs to be controlled. Firstly, a study, modeling and control of a multi-leg inverter are proposed. Secondly, control structures capable of handling the presence of zero-sequence components are investigated. The conventional control algorithms applied to the inverter are analyzed and an original vector control strategy, called Z-SVM, capable to cancel the high frequency zero-sequence current is developed. Finally, it is shown how the management of the zero-sequence components enhances the performance of the drive at low as well as at high-speed, corresponding on the areas of the torque-speed characteristics before and after flux weakening. The proposed solutions are validated on an experimental test bench consisting of a machine prototype especially developed for automotive application and powered by a six-leg inverter controlled by an FPGA-based device. The proposed strategies are compared in terms of performance and computational complexity.La topologie onduleur à six bras associé à une machine triphasée à phases indépendantes a la propriété de d'offrir, dans le cadre applicatif de l'automobile, une double fonctionnalité, traction et chargeur forte puissance. Cet avantage nécessite, par contre, le contrôle des composantes homopolaires classiquement nulles lors de la présence d'un couplage en étoile. Cette thèse propose alors, d'une part une étude et une modélisation des onduleurs multi-bras et, d'autre part, développe des stratégies de contrôle-commande adaptées à la présence des grandeurs homopolaires. Les algorithmes de commande classiques de l'onduleur sont comparés et une stratégie vectorielle originale, dite Z-SVM permettant d'annuler le courant homopolaire haute fréquence, est développée. Enfin, il est montré comment la gestion des composantes homopolaires aux valeurs moyennes permet d'accroître les performances de l'ensemble à faible comme à haute vitesse, en jouant sur les zones avant et après défluxage des caractéristiques couple-vitesse. Les solutions proposées sont validées sur un banc expérimental composé d'une machine prototype spécialement développée pour une application automobile et alimentée par un onduleur six-bras commandé par des composants de type FPGA. Les stratégies proposées sont comparées en termes de performances et de complexité algorithmique

Different Virtual Stator Winding Configurations of Open-End Winding Five-Phase PM Machines for Wide Speed Range without Flux Weakening Operation

This paper presents a specific control strategy of double-ended inverter system for wide-speed range of open-winding five phase PM machines. Different virtual winding configurations (star, pentagon, pentacle and bipolar) can be obtained by choosing the appropriated switching sequences of two inverters. The motor’s speed range is thus increased.Projet MHYGALE/ADEM